A 62-year-old man with a 10-year history of hypertension presents to the clinic complaining of progressive dyspnea on exertion for 3 months, waking at night short of breath, and swelling in both ankles that worsens throughout the day. On examination, his jugular venous pressure is elevated at 8 cm H₂O, his point of maximal impulse is displaced laterally to the 6th intercostal space, and a low-pitched S3 gallop is appreciated. Vital signs are notable for a blood pressure of 152/94 mmHg and heart rate of 92 bpm. Chest X-ray demonstrates pulmonary edema with bilateral infiltrates and cardiomegaly. Transthoracic echocardiography shows a left ventricular ejection fraction of 32% with global wall hypokinesis. Serum creatinine is 1.4 mg/dL (baseline 0.9 mg/dL). Which of the following mechanisms best explains the pathophysiology of sodium and water retention in this patient?

1. A)Suppression of antidiuretic hormone by elevated B-type natriuretic peptide
2. B)Renal hypoperfusion with subsequent activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous systemGABARITO
3. C)Primary hyperaldosteronism secondary to adrenal adenoma
4. D)Direct toxic effects of circulating TNF-α and IL-6 on the proximal tubule
5. E)Excessive secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide causing increased tubular sodium reabsorption